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The first Africans arrive in Hispaniola with Christopher Columbus. The Spanish king allows the introduction of enslaved Africans into Spain's American colonies. Bishop Bartolome de Las Casas petitions Spain to allow the importation of 12 enslaved Africans for each household immigrating to America's Spanish colonies. Hernan Cortez begins his conquest of the Aztec Empire. Juan Garrido, a member of the Hernan Cortes expediton that conquered the Aztec Empire, is granted land by the Spanish Crown, becomes a farmer, and produces the first wheat crop in the New World.
Esteban, a Morocco-born Muslim slave, is one of four survivors washed ashore near present-day Galveston, Texas. New Spain's Colonial Mexico population includes 20, blacks and 2, mulattoes.
Free and enslaved black or mulatto women can no longer wear gold, silk or pearls unless they are married to a Spaniard. Professor Bartolome de Albornoz of the University of Mexico writes against the enslavement and sale of Africans.
By Spanish law, mulattoes people of combined African and European ethnicity , convicts, and idle Africans may be shipped to Latin America and forced to work in the mines there.
Fugitive slaves in Mexico, led by Gaspar Yanga, sign a truce with Spanish colonial authorities and obtain their freedom and a town of their own. The town of San Lorenzo de los Negros receives a charter from Spanish colonial officials in Mexico and becomes the first officially recognized free settlement for blacks in the New World.
Approximately 20 blacks from a Dutch slaver are purchased as indentured workers for the English settlement of Jamestown. New Spain's Colonial Mexico population includes 35, blacks and , mulattoes. The census of Albuquerque reveals that 25 percent of the families have some African ancestry. A census of San Antonio, Texas shows male residents including blacks and mulattoes but only four are enslaved. Los Angeles is founded by 44 settlers including 26 who have some African ancestry.
New Spain's Colonial Mexico population includes 6, blacks and , mulattoes. On April 30, Louisiana is purchased from the French. Edward Rose travels up the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains to become the first of dozens of black fur trappers and traders in the region.
The Compromise of allows Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Bernardo, the first cotton plantation with enslaved people is established in Texas by former Georgia resident Jared E. Sixty nine of 1, residents of the Austin colony in Mexican Texas are slaveholders. The contract labor system is introduced in Texas. Pio Pico, a descendant of persons of African ancestry, becomes governor of Mexican California after overthrowing Colonel Manuel Victoria, another person of African ancestry.
At the beginning of the year there are approximately 25, English-speaking inhabitants of Mexican Texas including 5, enslaved African Americans. California Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado appoints Allen Light comisario general to patrol California's coastal waters to halt illegal otter hunting.
The largest of three servile uprisings in the Indian Territory begins in early November when 33 fugitive slaves from the Creek, Cherokee and Choctaw Nations attempt to escape to Mexico. On June 25, the Legislative Committee of the Provisional Government of Oregon enacts the first of a series of black exclusion laws.
Pio Pico again serves as Governor of Mexican California. William A. Tennessee-born Hiram Young purchases his freedom and settles in Independence, Missouri. The California Gold Rush begins.
The Compromise of revisits the issue of slavery. Coacoochee Wild Cat , a Seminole Chief, leads a band of Indians and blacks from the Indian Territory into Coahuila, Mexico where they will establish a colony with the support of the Mexican government.
Beginning with the defense of a fugitive slave known as Frank in and ending with the Archy Lee Case in , California's black and white abolitionists use legal challenges to prevent the enslavement or the return to enslavement of various individuals.
Abner Hunt Francis mounts a successful campaign to prevent his brother, O. The Utah Territorial Legislature passes a slave code called An Act in Relation to Service which governs relations between slaveowners and the enslaved. Brigham Young, the leader of the Church of Latter Day Saints begins to preach the Curse of Cain doctrine which justifies the denial of the priesthood to African American males.
In July, George A. The Republican Party is formed in the summer in opposition to the extension of slavery into the western territories. Bleeding Kansas is an outgrowth of the controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Approximately 4, escaped slaves live in or near Matamoros, Mexico just south of Brownsville, Texas. In October one hundred thirty Texas Rangers illegally enter Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy Coacoochee's colony. In November forty nine delegates representing ten of California's twenty-seven counties meet at St. Oregon Territory voters overwhelmingly support a constitution that bans both slavery and the settlement of African Americans in the new state.
On Christmas night John Brown leads a group of Jayhawkers abolitionists into Missouri to rescue eleven enslaved Missourians.
The U. The Cherokees and Creeks organize army regiments for the Union and the Confederacy. San Francisco blacks organize the Franchise League to campaign for voting rights and to end courtroom testimony restrictions. African Americans are among the first residents of Helena, Montana Territory, established shortly after a gold discovery in August. Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation takes effect on January 1, legally freeing slaves in areas of the South in rebellion including Texas and the Indian Territory.
On April 17, Charlotte Brown files the first of several lawsuits that challenge black exclusion from San Francisco streetcars. In October twenty three delegates representing approximately seven thousand black Kansans gather in Leavenworth for the first Kansas State Colored Convention.
Twelve thousand African Americans reside in Kansas, comprising 9 percent of the state's population. Over the summer former slaves from central and east Texas gather in a section of Houston they will call Freedmantown which will be the nucleus for the African American urban community called Fourth Ward.
Twenty thousand African American troops are among the 32, U. Texas enacts a series of black codes designed to limit the freedom of the ex-slaves. Congress authorizes the strength of the regular post-Civil War army at 25, men in ten cavalry regiments and twenty five infantry regiments. Antioch Missionary Baptist Church is organized in Houston. New treaties negotiated between the Federal Government and the Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws and Seminoles let each Nation decide if and in what manner it will incorporate its ex-slaves into tribal society.
In November Mifflin W. In November, white male voters in Kansas overwhelmingly reject efforts by both black males and all women to obtain the ballot. The Reconstruction Acts are passed by Congress on March 2. On July 4, one hundred fifty black and twenty white delegates meet in Houston to form the Texas Republican Party. Beginning with the cattle drive of William G. On July 21, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, granting citizenship to any person born or naturalized in the United States.
The transcontinental railroad is joined at Promontory, Utah Territory in After the completion of the transcontinental railroad, a small black community of railroad construction and repair workers emerges in Oakland. On February 26, Congress sends the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution to the states for approval. In November African American women in Wyoming Territory are the first black women in the nation to gain the right to vote.
By the middle of the year forty-six Freedman's Bureau-sponsored schools are operating in Texas for black children. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified on March 30, granting African American men the right to vote by declaring that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Wiley College is founded in Marshall, Texas. Denver businessman Barney L. On June 15, Henry O. Early in the year six African American men led by W. On December 19, Col. Edward McCabe, formerly of Chicago, arrives in Nicodemus advertising himself as an attorney and land agent. William L.
Benjamin Pap Singleton leads his first group of Tennessee emigrants to Kansas. African American parents in Topeka begin a campaign to desegregate the local schools. John J. In November L. Approximately six thousand African Americans leave Louisiana and Mississippi counties along the Mississippi River for Kansas in what will be known as the Exodus.
On May 14, Sgt. In November John T. Edward P. Helena, Montana Territory blacks under the leadership of Rev. John B. On July 14 three companies of the Twenty-fourth Infantry occupy the Coeur d'Alene Mining District in northern Idaho which has been declared under martial law following a violent strike by silver miners. Montana's first black newspaper, the Colored Citizen is founded by Ohio-born photographer J. The Kansas Industrial and Educational Institute is founded as a kindergarten, sewing school and reading room by Elizabeth Reddick and Edward Stephens, two African American elementary school teachers in Topeka.
Taking advantage of the various federal land openings in Oklahoma Territory, through the s, approximately eight thousand African Americans acquire 1. Black women's clubs in Kansas create the first statewide federation in the west. Buffalo Soldiers are among the U. Los Angeles minister, J. Watts is founded as a racially integrated suburban community of blacks, whites and Latinos seven miles south of downtown Los Angeles.
The town of Boley, the most famous of the all-black communities in the Indian Territory, is founded in the Creek Nation by two white entrepreneurs, William Boley and Lake Moore. Shortly after the enactment of the Kinkaid Homestead Act of , two hundred African Americans settle in the Sand Hills district of north-central Nebraska, claiming nearly 40, acres. Los Angeles businessman Robert C. On August 13 in Brownsville, Texas, approximately a dozen black troops riot against segregation and in the process kill a local citizen in an incident that will be called the Brownsville Affray.
Madame C. On November 16, the twin territories, Indian Territory and Oklahoma, are admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma. A west coast tour by W. On June 21, the U. On August 23, a riot erupts in Houston between black soldiers and white citizens; two blacks and 11 whites are killed.
In November, attorney and newspaper editor Frederick M. The twenty five race riots that take place throughout the nation prompting the term, Red Summer, including clashes on July 13 in Longview, Texas, and September 28 in Omaha. On August 26, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified giving all women the right to vote. Bessie Coleman of Atlanta, Texas, the first black female pilot, also becomes the first woman to receive an international pilot's license when she graduates from the Federation Aeronautique International in France.
Kansas City Missouri and Kansas becomes the center of a black jazz network that will stretch throughout the West and eventually include Shanghai, Hong Kong and Manila. California Republican Assemblyman Frederick Roberts is defeated by 27 year-old Democrat Augustus Hawkins who will continue to hold this assembly seat until he is elected to the U.
Dallas political leaders Rev. The desperate need for factory labor to build the war machine needed to win World War II led to an unprecedented migration of African Americans from the South to the West. Three African American soldiers are killed in Phoenix, Arizona during the Thanksgiving Day Riot against what local residents and black military personnel term brutality by the Phoenix police force.
On June 15, a false story of a rape of the wife of a white shipyard worker prompts the Beaumont Race Riot, an attack by nearly 2, European American shipyard workers in Beaumont, Texas against their African American counterparts.
By summer fourteen thousand African American soldiers of the 93rd Infantry Division and the 32nd and 33rd companies of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps approximately women are stationed in the Arizona desert at Fort Huachuca for training.
The recently formed Denver chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality organizes one of the West's first successful protest demonstrations when it pickets a Denver movie theater that segregates its black and white patrons. On April 3, the U. On August 14, African American soldiers initiate the Ft. The California Supreme Court in James v. In September black, white and Latino students at the University of New Mexico led by George Long, an African American undergraduate, began a boycott of local restaurants that discriminate against black patrons.
On October 1, the California Supreme Court voids the law banning interracial marriages in the state. The state of Washington will enact the Washington State Law Against Discrimination, the first fair employment practices law in the West. Beginning in the Spring of , the De Porres Club, an interracial organization of students at Creighton University in Omaha, will over the next decade mount a series of non-violent direct action protests against housing segregation and employment discrimination in the Omaha area.
On February 28, thirteen African American families in Topeka, Kansas file a lawsuit against the local school board for its policies that permit racially segregated schools. On May 17, the Supreme Court in Brown v. On September 8, first grader Tyronne Raymond Day takes his seat with twenty-nine white classmates to become the first African American to attend a desegregated school in Houston.
Even though slaves were denied voting rights, this gave Southern states more Representatives and more presidential electoral votes than if slaves had not been counted. Free blacks and indentured servants were not subject to the compromise, and each was counted as one full person for representation. Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment later superseded this clause and explicitly repealed the compromise.
However, some U. The table below shows the percentage of free Blacks as a percentage of the total Black population in various U. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Proportion of African Americans in each U. Archived from the original on 15 August Retrieved 6 September Archived from the original on Retrieved Race; Total Population — U. Virgin Islands Summary File. Retrieved October 26, Ethnic Origin or Race. Total Population - Guam Summary File. Total population — American Samoa Summary File.
Archived from the original on July 25, Retrieved September 15, Archived from the original on December 21, Archived from the original on October 20, Blodgett, J. Report on education in the United States at the eleventh census, Washington, D.
Wines, F. Report on crime, pauperism and benevolence in the United States at the eleventh census, Holmes, George K. Report on the insane, feeble-minded, deaf and dumb, and blind in the United States at the eleventh census. Hunt, W. Special census report on the occupations of the populations of the United States at the eleventh census: C: Government Printing Office.
Annual compendium of data and statistics on finance, commerce, coinage, public lands, immigration, shipping, the Postal Service, population, railroads, education, agriculture and prices. An map illustrating the distribution of the Black population in the United States. The census was the first to use punchcards and an electrical tabulation system.
The Holerith tabulation system transferred information from the census schedules to paper punch cards using a pantograph. The punch cards measured 3. Cards used in later censuses had additional columns to collect more data. Each position in a row and column corresponded to a specific data entry on the census schedule. Census Bureau clerks using pantographs could prepare approximately cards per day.
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